Austerity rule has contours that are not well defined and may have quite different interpretations. United Kingdom-The British government unveiled the country’s steepest public spending cuts in more than 60 years: €83 billion in spending cuts by 2015, bringing the 11 percent of GDP budget deficit down to one percent over the next five years. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '705055' }}, Among the austerity policies implemented in the Italian health sector, it is worth mentioning the following (Dirindin, 2011; Ferré, Several studies have highlighted the effects of the crisis on health systems in Southern European countries, particularly on the most vulnerable social groups, leading, for instance to an increase in mental disorders as well as in suicides (De Vogli, 2014). 9Table 6 summarizes the measures adopted by these four countries. Aucune opinion exprimée dans les exemples ne reflète l'opinion des éditeurs de Cambridge Dictionary, de Cambridge University Press ou de ceux leur ayant concédé une license. 'min': 8.50, * S80/S20 – ratio of total income received by the 20% of the population with the highest income (the top quintile) to that received by the 20% of the population with the lowest income (the bottom quintile). }); Although Italy did not sign a MoU, the EU’s involvement in defining economic policies was significant during the sovereign debt crisis between 2011 and 2012. Friends of the Earth reports that prenatal care, which had previously been free, now required a fee, while primary care fees increased by over 500 percent. The government will cut welfare spending by €30 billion over a four year period; reduce public sector payrolls by up to 15,000 by 2014 and raise new taxes on nuclear power plant operators and air travel. 22The case of Portugal is analysed by Pedro Hespanha by debating the guidelines of the main health reforms carried out or planned in Portugal to ensure the financial sustainability of the health system since 2010; Hespanha concludes from distinct evidence that, although most of the health reforms would be useful and necessary, those implemented produced negative and somehow unforeseen consequences due to their short-run duration and their universal-based design. For example, more than 60 countries have renegotiated sovereign debt in recent years, allowing governments to spend less in debt service and more in necessary development expenditures. All government ministries will be required to make a 10 percent spending cut in 2011. Cliquez sur les flèches pour inverser le sens de traduction. googletag.pubads().setTargeting('cdo_alc_pr', pl_p.split(",")); { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_btmslot' }}]}]; { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '346693' }}, { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '705055' }}, Our analysis will focus on these measures. params: { Coimbra: Almedina. iasLog("criterion : sfr = cdo_dict_english"); The average retirement age is set to rise from 61.4 to 63.5 along with other expected pension cuts. He immersed himself in spiritual pursuits like meditation and austerities and his health broke down. [51] The fact that the political sphere has been so heavily influenced by a paper known as "Growth in a Time of Debt" based on flawed methodology has led Krugman to argue:[52]. {code: 'ad_rightslot2', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_rightslot2', adUnitPath: '/2863368/rightslot2' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250], [120, 600], [160, 600]] } }, { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '346693' }}, "authorization": "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/fr/auth/info?rid=READER_ID&url=CANONICAL_URL&ref=DOCUMENT_REFERRER&type=ENTRY_TRANSLATE&v1=english&v2=austerity&v3=&v4=english&_=RANDOM", {code: 'ad_rightslot', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_rightslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/rightslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250]] } }, 'max': 8, { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_rightslot' }}]}, From the perspective of human rights, Rossella De Falco studies the impact of post-2008 austerity policies on increasing inequalities in the Italian National Health Service. Laparra, Miguel; Pérez Eransus, Begoña (coord.) SEC health systems have also been seriously affected by the crisis, with a particular impact on the most vulnerable social groups, as a result of the decrease in public health expenditure. With regard to the structural adjustment programs agreed with the Troika in the health sector, it is worth recalling the factors triggering the financial crisis and the problems that led three Southern European countries (Greece, Portugal and Spain) to be submitted to a readjustment programme. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '387232' }}, { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_leftslot' }}]}, Public sector wages will be cut by 25 percent. Finally, based on the analysis of secondary data from national and international sources, De Falco focuses on the increasing level of unmet medical needs due to costs, waiting time, and increased user fees. Sacchi, Stefano (2015), “Conditionality by Other Means: EU Involvement in Italy’s Structural Reforms in the Sovereign Debt Crisis”, Comparative European Politics, 13(1), 77-92. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195465', size: [300, 250] }}, { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_SR' }}, }; “As reformas dos sistemas de saúde na Europa do Sul: crises e alternativas”. } 'cap': true The list includes countries with dire development and human needs, such as Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Iraq, the Republic of Congo, and Yemen. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195466', size: [728, 90] }}, The University of Maryland School of Public Policy will offer an international graduate course in Paris where students will learn the tools of program evaluation and policy analysis. Among the common aspects of these Southern European NHS the following should be mentioned: (i) inconsistency between the universal promises and the effective response given to citizens’ needs due to limitations in the process of implementation of national health services, in particular financial constraints (Giarelli, 2006); ii) difficulties in the management of the public system that led governments to introduce reforms aiming to improve efficiency, namely by following the rules of new public management (Cabiedes and Guillén, 2001); iii) the importance of non-professional human resources, such as family and primary care networks to compensate for the NHS’s deficiencies (Santos, 1987; León and Migliavacca, 2013); iv) lack of participation by the users’ representatives in decisions. In October 2012, the International Monetary Fund announced that its forecasts for countries which implemented austerity programs have been consistently overoptimistic. Also, pension reforms are expected to be announced next year. { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a9690ab01717182962182bb50ce0007', pos: 'cdo_topslot_mobile_flex' }}, Inflation adjustments for wages will not be implemented. in both countries: those in precarious sectors in the areas of construction and the industry, and those in small enterprises, especially young people. { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_topslot' }}, dfpSlots['rightslot'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/rightslot', [[300, 250]], 'ad_rightslot').defineSizeMapping(mapping_rightslot).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'mid').setTargeting('hp', 'right').setTargeting('ad_group', Adomik.randomAdGroup()).addService(googletag.pubads()); { Ajoutez la puissance de Cambridge Dictionary à votre site internet en utilisant nos widgets gratuits de recherche. Belgium- Stalemate in domestic politics after deadlocked elections has paralyzed action on austerity measures. Netherlands- The Netherlands’ austerity plan aims to cut the budget by €18 billion by 2015. Reforms undertaken by the Spanish government were insufficient to reduce the pressure of financial markets and the stress levels of banks; this forced the Spanish government to request financial assistance in 2012 (European Commission, 2012). These effects have already been observed in Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain (Karanikolos, ., 2017), i.e. dfpSlots['houseslot_b'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/houseslot', [], 'ad_houseslot_b').defineSizeMapping(mapping_houseslot_b).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'btm').setTargeting('hp', 'center').setTargeting('ad_group', Adomik.randomAdGroup()).addService(googletag.pubads()); dfpSlots['leftslot'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/leftslot', [[120, 600], [160, 600]], 'ad_leftslot').defineSizeMapping(mapping_leftslot).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'top').setTargeting('hp', 'left').setTargeting('ad_group', Adomik.randomAdGroup()).addService(googletag.pubads()); Governments could — and should — have pursued alternative policy options. { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_rightslot_flex' }}, Ireland witnessed its housing market completely (rather than, as elsewhere, partially) collapse, and the government eventually had to apply for a bailout from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), agreeing to an austerity program of economic reform in exchange. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654149' }}, The result was an easily anticipated decline in prenatal clinic attendance and an increase in the number of babies born before arrival at the hospital.”. Tax revenue will include a VAT increase of four percent that is expected to bring in €1 billion, a 10 percent increase on fuel, alcohol and tobacco taxes and new property and gambling taxes. initAdSlotRefresher(); userIds: [{ to try to discover things that are not really related to you, Permanent, temporary, fulfilling and dead-end jobs: collocations for work (2). They never met a socialist that they didn’t want to burn at the stake. This article discusses the economic and social impact of the 2008 crisis and its related austerity policy on South European countries (SEC). Parliament voted to raise the retirement age to 62 (from 60); the pay-as-you-go pension system is being raised by half a year to 41.5 years of required work for full pension; a three-year freeze on public spending is under consideration; pension contributions from employees’ pay will rise to 10.55 percent from 7.85 percent; income taxes for the highest income group will rise by one percent and an one-off corporate tax break will be eliminated. ects of Austerity Measures: A Comparison of Six EU Countries”. If interested in participating in or receiving more information about these exchanges, please contact Rye McKenzie ([email protected]). At the same time, however, the author notes that the contraction of financial and human resources has dramatically reduced the scope, quantity and quality of the services provided, as well as increasingly unmet medical needs, especially among the most vulnerable social groups, thus deepening inequalities in terms of accessibility. Would you consider a $20.00 contribution today that will help to keep the IPS news wire active? The increase in health inequalities, both social and geographical, is also one of the side effects of the structural adjustment policies applied in the SEC (Escolar-Pujolar et al., 2014; Guillén et al., 2016).
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